The Perils of Singleton Patterns in Software Development: A Cautionary Tale

In a humorous yet revealing reflection on the challenges of software development, an Editor-in-Chief at The Daily WTF spoke candidly about the missteps encountered during the evolution of a mortgage calculation application. The anecdote takes us back to a time when mobile Internet access was not as prevalent as it is today, highlighting the technological constraints of that era.
John, the narratives protagonist, recounts his experience while working at a banka financial institution that, like others, was eager to sell mortgages. To facilitate this, sales agents were frequently dispatched to meet clients face-to-face. These agents needed tools to effectively convey the long-term implications of mortgage agreements, which included payment calculations, visual graphs depicting equity, and interest scenarios. In an age without reliable Internet access, the bank opted to create a client-side application that could function offline.
This application was rigorously tested, resulting in a product that satisfied everyone involved: the sales agents, the customers, and the bank itself. However, as time progressed, the demand for a mobile web version grew among the agents, pushing the bank to consider an upgrade.
The initial thought was to connect the application to the existing backend system. This was easier said than done, as the backend was a legacy mainframe, and there were few developers skilled enough to work on it. Meanwhile, the mainframe served as the authoritative source for mortgage data, containing crucial information about loans and customer accounts. Despite the challenges, creating a mortgage calculator capable of generating attractive visualizations was a much simpler task, especially considering the functionality of the already existing client application.
The original client application had been developed using .NET, allowing the team to wrap mortgage calculation objects into a web service seamlessly. After a series of tests confirmed that the new service performed just as effectively as its client-side predecessor, stakeholders felt optimistic. At first, everything seemed to be working perfectly; however, this was only the calm before the storm.
As agents began using the new web version, they encountered bizarre issues. Occasionally, calculations would yield absurd results that left both agents and customers bewildered. Oddly enough, developers could not replicate these errors in their controlled testing environments. This phenomenon led to the birth of a 'Heisenbug'a term used in software engineering to describe bugs that seem to disappear or alter their behavior when one attempts to study them.
Upon further investigation, it was discovered that the mortgage calculation was executed through a simulation process. This method involved applying payments and interest iteratively to construct the loan's complete history. However, the client application had initially been designed as a singleton, meaning the calculator was treated as a unique instance. In the web environment, this singleton was not limited to individual requests but existed as a universal object. Consequently, when multiple requests were processed simultaneously, they interfered with one another, resulting in incorrect calculation iterations. Testing didnt reveal this issue initially because none of the tests simulated simultaneous user interactions.
The resolution to this intricate issue was straightforward: the team needed to eliminate the singleton pattern and ensure that each request received its own instance of the calculator. This situation serves as an excellent example of the misapplication of design patterns. In hindsight, it became clear that enforcing uniqueness through the singleton pattern was unnecessary for a calculator that maintained statean inherent contradiction of the pattern's intended use.
This cautionary tale not only provides insight into the complexities of software development but also emphasizes the importance of understanding design patterns in order to avoid pitfalls that can lead to significant operational chaos.